Health

Who should I take an Omega-3?

An Omega-3 supplement has been shown to be safe and helps promote good health for people of all ages. Some benefits include:

Children :

  • Helps in the development of the brain, eyes and nerves
  • Improves concentration
  • Immune system / maintaining good health
  • Learning
  • Language
  • ADHD
  • Skin health

Teens :

  • Improves concentration
  • Help with mood disorders
  • Immune system / maintaining good health
  • Skin health

Women :

  • Pregnancy
  • Postnatal health
  • Breast health

Men :

  • Prostate health
  • Colon health

Athletes:

  • Promotes recovery
  • Boost performance

Seniors:

  • Heart health
  • Articulations / arthritis
  • Inflammation
  • Respiratory health
  • Immune system
  • Hypertension
  • Cognitive health
  • Eye health
  • Brain health
  • Mood, depression and anxiety
  • Skin health

What are the key differences between fish oil and seal oil?

Seal oil contains about 4% DPA naturally unlike fish oils that contain little to none. Seal oil also has better natural oxidative stability providing a longer shelf life and better results.

Due to the seal having a mammalian molecular structure, seal oil is more easily absorbed and utilized by the human body than fish oil.

What is the Omega 6/3 Ratio?

In the past humans were consuming foods at an Omega-6 / Omega-3 ratio of about 1, whereas today in western diets, the ratio is around 15:1. [1] SeaDNA Omega -3 offers an Omega-6 / Omega-3 ratio of about 1:7.5. According to a scientific study short-term seal oil supplementation helps regulate our Omega-6 / Omega-3 levels helping to promote overall good health, fight inflammation and improve the quality of life for patients with joint pain.[2]

What Quantity of SeaDNA Omega-3 should be taken?

2 to 4 grams per day of seal oil is recommended. As each capsule contains 500mg, we suggest taking 4 to 8 capsules per day.

Will I get fishy burps?

No. One of the nice things about seal oil is that it is quickly dissolved and absorbed by the body. Since its triglyceride structure is that of a mammal we as humans accept it and digest it very easily.

Is there an optimal time to take an Omega-3?

There is no optimal time of day to take Omega-3 fatty acids. You can take them anytime. Some people prefer to take them with food.

How long does it take to feel the advantages of seal oil?

Seal oil supplementation isn’t a miracle cure. You will need some time to allow its benefits to be felt. We have heard from people that have noticed a difference after just a week or two, while for others it could be longer.

An Omega-3 supplement is designed to help you and promote better health over the long-term.

How long should I take seal oil for?

Seal oil, like any Omega-3, is designed to be taken long-term to help promote better health. You can take seal oil for as long as you desire.

Products & ingredients

What method is used to refine the oil?

SeaDNA seal oil is refined following the guidelines of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). This crucial step eliminates environmental toxins and increases resistance to oxidation. SeaDNA seal oil is enriched with a natural anti-oxidant before being transported in metal drums under a nitrogen blanket, which prevents the oil from oxidizing.

ALL lots of SeaDNA oil are tested by an external laboratory for purity and levels of Omega-3 (DPA, DHA & EPA) in order to provide the customer with the most accurate information.

What are the ingredients?

Other than natural seal oil from the blubber of the harp seal the only other ingredients are gelatin & glycerin (capsules) and tocopherols (antioxidant). These are 100% natural ingredients.

What are the advantages of liquid vs soft gel?

A liquid can be absorbed and digested quicker than a capsule. SeaDNA Omega-3 Seal Oil does however, have very rapid dissolution in its capsule form, outperforming most competition.

Harvest & source

Where does your oil come from?

All seals are wild harvested off the Atlantic coast of the Magdalen Islands and Newfoundland under best-practices established by the Government of Canada. The commercial harvest is strictly monitored and enforced by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. SeaDNA is dedicated to ensuring our hunters respect and abide by all regulations.

Is your seal source sustainable?

The population of Harp Seals, which SeaDNA utilizes, sits at around 7.5 MILLION in the Northwest Atlantic. In 2016, only about 15% of the quota established by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans was harvested. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the harp seal as a “species of least concern.”

Is the harvest regulated?

The Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) strictly monitors the annual harvest quota for Canadian seal herds. DFO Enforcement tools include: aerial surveillance, satellite tracking of vessels, at-sea patrols and inspections, dock inspections. It has been ILLEGAL for seal pups to be harvested in Canada since 1987. All seals harvested in Canada must be self-reliant. The responsible harvest of the growing seal herd is recognized as being important in maintaining eco-diversity. It’s estimated that each adult seal will eat 1.5 – 2.0 tonnes of fish and seafood in a single year.

Chemistry & benefits

What is DPA?

The benefits of EPA and DHA (the two commonly found Omega-3’s in fish oil) have been well documented. However, very few oils on the market can boast the natural DPA level of seal oil, possibly the most important fatty acid of the group.

The full benefits of DPA have not yet been extensively studied due to the limited availability of the pure compound.

Different scientific researches have shown that DPA is of significant importance for the human metabolism, inflammation, cardiovascular health, triglyceride levels as well as neuroprotection.

  • Metabolism: The retro-conversion of DPA through EPA has a significant impact on functioning and diseases related to several organs and tissues. [i] [ii] [iii] [iv] [v] [vi] [vii]
  • Inflammation: Associated with higher levels of C-reactive Protein (CRP) and triglycerides, DPA can prevent or reduce the progression of chronic inflammatory diseases.[viii] [ix] [x] [xi]
  • Cardiovascular Health: DPA is 10 times more effective than EPA in repairing damaged vessels. [xii] [xiii]
  • Lowering triglycerides levels: Increased levels of EPA and DHA through DPA suggest that seal oil is just as effective as fish oil in decreasing triglyceride levels and blood pressure.[xiv]
  • Neuroprotection: Like EPA and DHA, DPA also provides neuroprotective effects in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.[xv]

 

Click here for scientific studies showing the main results of DPA on health.

What is the difference between EPA, DHA and DPA?

EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and DPA (docosapentaenoic acid) are Omega-3 essential fatty acid found in seal oil. Fish oil only contains significant levels of EPA and DHA.

Although DPA, EPA and DHA work together to ensure the proper functioning of the human body, scientific research has shown that each of these fatty acids have unique benefits.

EPA:

  • Cardiovascular health
  • Reduces joint inflammation
  • Lowers cholesterol

DHA :

  • Brain boosting
  • Pregnancy and breast feeding
  • Combat mood disorders
  • Improves ocular health

DPA :

  • 10 times more effective than EPA in repairing damaged vessels
  • More effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease
  • Increases the proportions of EPA and DHA for better results

Click here to learn about the benefits of these 3 fatty acids.

What is the difference between natural and concentrated Omega-3’s?

Highly concentrated fish oils promise artificially increased levels of EPA and DHA achieved by modifying the natural oils at their molecular level.  The process involves Ethanol which, when combined with the natural oil, results in a brand new molecular structure called an Ethyl Ester. Although higher levels of EPA and DHA are now possible through this process, the resulting product is far removed from its “natural” beginnings.

SeaDNA Omega-3 Seal Oil is pure and in its natural form. The triglyceride structure is that of a mammal, so not only do we integrate the benefits quicker it is also more efficient.

What is the cholesterol make-up of your product?

Seal oil’s natural cholesterol balance sees HDL or “good cholesterol” in a higher ratio than LDL or “bad cholesterol” when compared to fish oil.

Why does Seal Oil have better absorption rates than fish oil

Because the seal is a mammal and has a different molecular structure than fish oil, seal oil penetrates the blood system more easily and quickly, allowing for more complete metabolic absorption and assimilation, giving superior results.

The requirements for the rapid dissolution test are satisfying if the rupture test on the tested capsules is less than 15 minutes. SeaDNA capsules have passed hands down with an average break of less than 40 seconds.

(See results of disintegration test and dissolution USP <2040> of SeaDNA Omega-3 oil analyzes)

What is the stability of your product?

Compared to other sources of Omega-3 stored under the same optimal conditions, Omega-3 seal oil are relatively more stable and less prone to lipid peroxidation than fish oils, providing a superior stability, better performance and a much longer life.

(See Oxidative Stability Results of SeaDNA Omega-3 Oil Analyzes)

Safety & toxicity

Is SeaDNA Omega-3 Seal Oil tested for quality?

Yes, all lots of SeaDNA oil are tested by an external laboratory for purity and levels of Omega-3 (EPA, DHA & DPA).

Is SeaDNA Omega-3 Seal Oil healthy?

SeaDNA Omega-3 Seal Oil is CFIA approved and completely free of heavy metals. It also meets all standards for toxins and other contaminants.

Where can I find out the results of your quality testing?

We have posted them on our website at www.seadna.ca/quality. They are also available upon request for our retail partners.

Health

Why is seal so nutritional?

Protein Rich :

Seal meat is rich in protein, low in fat, cholesterol and sugar-free. With a protein content of between 23 g per 100 g (23%), the loin and the flipper have a protein rating of 62 and 57 respectively.

 

High in Iron:

Regardless of the cut, seal meat is one of the best natural sources of iron (heme iron), even exceeding the iron content of pig liver. A serving of 100 g of seal loin contains 35.5 mg or 250% of the Recommended Daily Intake (RDI), while the flipper provides 130% of the RDI with 18.7 mg per serving of 100g.

Nutrient Loaded:

A serving of 100g of seal loin represents a good source of magnesium (20% of the RDI), zinc (18%), phosphorus (14%) and copper (10%). The loin contains 210 mg of potassium and 280 mg of sodium per serving, representing 6% and 12% of the RDI.

The flipper (or shoulder) represents an excellent source of magnesium and zinc with a 25% and a 40% of the RDI per 100g serving respectively. Like the loin, the flipper is a source of phosphorus (15% of the RDI), copper (6%) and a source of potassium, containing 200 mg (6%).

Since seal meat cuts are naturally salty, little to no salt is needed during preparation.

Low in fat:

Seal meat has a very-low fat content, just 1g per 100g of meat. About half of this fat is unsaturated fatty acids (0.3g per 100g serving) and Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.1g per 100g serving).

What is heme iron?

Heme iron is iron that comes from an animal. It is more easily absorbed into the human body and is a key iron source.

Seal meat is naturally dark due to high-levels of myoglobin in the blood. This helps give seal its natural iron-laden properties.

Products & ingredients

What does seal taste like?

Due to its high iron content, seal meat is closer to a wild game like deer or moose than any seafood.

The texture is similar to a fine beef filet.

Is your meat naturally raised and/or hormone free?

Our meat is raised naturally, wild-caught and hormone-free. All of our products are harvested from the Atlantic Ocean where they lived a natural, healthy life.

Source and process

Where does SeaDNA seal meat come from?

Our wild-caught seals are harvested from the pristine waters of the Atlantic Ocean surrounding the coasts of the Magdalen Islands and Newfoundland.

What parts of the seal are used?

SeaDNA promotes full utilization of the animal. Loins, trims, flippers are common cuts available for retail sale. Other parts of the seal go into other secondary products including charcuteries, sausages and rilletes.

Is the seal endangered?

No. Not even close. In fact, it’s a great example of conservation and recovery in action. The population of Harp Seals, which SeaDNA utilizes, sits at around 7.5 MILLION in the Northwest Atlantic.

In 2016, only about 15% of the quota established by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans was harvested. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the harp seal as a “species of least concern.”

How are seals harvested?

All seals are harvested under best-practices established by the Government of Canada.

The commercial harvest is strictly monitored and enforced by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. SeaDNA is dedicated to ensuring our hunters respect and abide by all regulations.

Quality

What makes SeaDNA seal meat so good?

There is no substitute for experience. Our meat is of exceptional quality thanks to the refined techniques of M. Réjean Vigneau, of the Magdalen Islands. Mr. Vigneau is incredibly respected within the sealing community for his knowledge of proper butchery protocols.

He has helped MAPAQ (Le Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec) to develop harvesting, conservation and processing protocols for high-quality seal meat.

Safety and toxicity

Is seal meat safe?

Seal is incredibly good for you and completely safe to eat. A natural meat without hormones is a healthy meat. Unlike meat from animals raised on industrial farms, our seals are harvested from their natural habitat, the icy waters off the Atlantic coast of the Magdalen Islands and Newfoundland.

They have not been fed foods enriched with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or have been treated with hormones or antibiotics. This helps produce a meat that is delicious and has high nutritional value. SeaDNA Seal Meat is examined for potential issues like heavy metals and toxins and has passed every test easily.

Others

How should game meat be cooked?

There are several ways to cook seal meat. It is safe to eat in any form you like, from a steak-style preparation all the way to a tartar. We recommend the loin to be served fairly rare, like beef liver the high iron content becomes more prevalent in the taste the longer you cook it. It is easy to handle, however. If seared hard (two-three minutes per side) and given time to rest it is excellent. We do caution that this is a bloody meat. Do not be alarmed.

The flipper can also be delicious. We recommend a slow cook for the flipper. We have plenty of recipes available on our Website. We also have video recipes you can follow on our Youtube page.

You can also visit our Facebook page for examples of recipes made by our chef Benoit Lenglet here.

Health

Why should I give my pet Omega-3 seal oil ?

There are a number of excellent reasons from:

  • Better skin and coat health
  • Helps movement and mobility (also helping with mobility issues in older dogs)
  • Helps immune system
  • Better heart and overall health
  • Helps growth, reproduction and brain
  • For more information and a link to the science behind Omega-3 for pets click here

What are the key differences between fish oil and seal oil?

Seal oil contains about 4% DPA naturally unlike fish oils that contain little to none. Seal oil also has better natural oxidative stability providing a longer shelf life and better results.

Due to the seal having a mammalian molecular structure, seal oil is more easily absorbed and utilized by the animal body than fish oil.

How long does a bottle last with daily use?

The dosage recommendations for cats and dogs can be found on the directions located on the side of the label. The dosage will vary according to the size of your animal.  

The daily dosage is based on your pet’s weight. As mentioned above, consult the direction label located on the side of the label.

When will I notice a difference in my pet?

SeaDNA Seal Oil isn’t a miracle cure and the benefits do need time to set in. Generally after 2 weeks to one month is when you will see the difference in your pet.

Can both cats and dogs use this?

Absolutely! The dosage recommendations for cats and dogs can be found on the directions located on the side of the label. The dosage will vary according to the size of your animal.  

Products & ingredients

What method is used to refine the oil?

SeaDNA seal oil is refined following the guidelines of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). This crucial step eliminates environmental toxins and increases resistance to oxidation. SeaDNA seal oil is enriched with a natural anti-oxidant before being transported in metal drums under a nitrogen blanket, which prevents the oil from oxidizing.

ALL lots of SeaDNA oil are tested by an external laboratory for purity and levels of Omega-3 (DPA, DHA & EPA) in order to provide the customer with the most accurate information.

What does SeaDNA Seal Oil for Pets contain?

SeaDNA Seal Oil for pets is 100% Harp Seal harvested from the icy waters off the coast of Newfoundland. It is purified to the same world-class standards as our human line of Omega-3 products.

Other than natural seal oil from the blubber of the harp seal the only other ingredient is tocopherols (antioxidant). It is a 100% natural ingredient.

Is there Vitamin E in your seal oil?

Our SeaDNA seal oil contains mixed natural tocopherols (Vitamin E) used to preserve the quality of our oil. Tocopherols are derived from highly refined soybean oil which contains Vitamin E.  

What is the shelf life?

Our seal oil states a shelf life of 24 months from the date it is made. The expiration date listed on the package refers to the unopened product. Once opened, it will last up to 100 days.

Do I need to keep the bottle in the fridge?

Once you open the bottle you must keep it refrigerated. It will last up to 100 days.

Does it taste good to my pet?

We can’t speak for all animals. But we can tell you from our experience that both dogs and cats love it. It isn’t just a great way to get your pet Omega-3, it can be a fantastic appetite stimulant for that picky eater in the family.

Harvest & source

Where does your oil come from?

All seals are wild harvested off the Atlantic coast of the Magdalen Islands and Newfoundland under best-practices established by the Government of Canada. The commercial harvest is strictly monitored and enforced by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. SeaDNA is dedicated to ensuring our hunters respect and abide by all regulations.

Is your seal source sustainable?

The population of Harp Seals, which SeaDNA utilizes, sits at around 7.5 MILLION in the Northwest Atlantic. In 2016, only about 15% of the quota established by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans was harvested. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the harp seal as a “species of least concern.”

Is the harvest regulated?

The Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) strictly monitors the annual harvest quota for Canadian seal herds. DFO Enforcement tools include: aerial surveillance, satellite tracking of vessels, at-sea patrols and inspections, dock inspections. It has been ILLEGAL for seal pups to be harvested in Canada since 1987. All seals harvested in Canada must be self-reliant. The responsible harvest of the growing seal herd is recognized as being important in maintaining eco-diversity. It’s estimated that each adult seal will eat 1.5 – 2.0 tonnes of fish and seafood in a single year.

Are the seals you use farmed or wild-caught?

All seals are wild-caught. There are no seal farms in Canada. It’s estimated that each adult seal will eat 1.5 – 2.0 tonnes of fish and seafood in a single year. Therefore, it would be impossible to farm them.

Chemistry & benefits

What is DPA?

The benefits of EPA and DHA (the two commonly found Omega-3’s in fish oil) have been well documented. However, very few oils on the market can boast the natural DPA level of seal oil, possibly the most important fatty acid of the group.

The full benefits of DPA have not yet been extensively studied due to the limited availability of the pure compound.

Different scientific researches have shown that DPA is of significant importance for the animal metabolism, inflammation, cardiovascular health, triglyceride levels as well as neuroprotection.

  • Metabolism: The retro-conversion of DPA through EPA has a significant impact on functioning and diseases related to several organs and tissues. [i] [ii] [iii] [iv] [v] [vi] [vii]
  • Inflammation: Associated with higher levels of C-reactive Protein (CRP) and triglycerides, DPA can prevent or reduce the progression of chronic inflammatory diseases.[viii] [ix] [x] [xi]
  • Cardiovascular Health: DPA is 10 times more effective than EPA in repairing damaged vessels. [xii] [xiii]
  • Lowering triglycerides levels: Increased levels of EPA and DHA through DPA suggest that seal oil is just as effective as fish oil in decreasing triglyceride levels and blood pressure.[xiv]
  • Neuroprotection: Like EPA and DHA, DPA also provides neuroprotective effects in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.[xv]

 

Click here for scientific studies showing the main results of DPA on health.

What is the difference between EPA, DHA and DPA?

EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and DPA (docosapentaenoic acid) are Omega-3 essential fatty acid found in seal oil. Fish oil only contains significant levels of EPA and DHA.

Although DPA, EPA and DHA work together to ensure the proper functioning of the animal body, scientific research has shown that each of these fatty acids have unique benefits.

EPA:

  • Cardiovascular health
  • Reduces joint inflammation
  • Lowers cholesterol

DHA :

  • Brain boosting
  • Pregnancy and breast feeding
  • Combat stress and anxiety
  • Improves ocular health

DPA :

  • 10 times more effective than EPA in repairing damaged vessels
  • More effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease
  • Increases the proportions of EPA and DHA for better results

Click here to learn about the benefits of these 3 fatty acids.

What is the cholesterol make-up of your product?

Seal oil’s natural cholesterol balance sees HDL or “good cholesterol” in a higher ratio than LDL or “bad cholesterol” when compared to fish oil.

What is the difference between natural and concentrated Omega-3’s?

Highly concentrated fish oils promise artificially increased levels of EPA and DHA achieved by modifying the natural oils at their molecular level.  The process involves Ethanol which, when combined with the natural oil, results in a brand new molecular structure called an Ethyl Ester. Although higher levels of EPA and DHA are now possible through this process, the resulting product is far removed from its “natural” beginnings.

SeaDNA Omega-3 Seal Oil is pure and in its natural form. The triglyceride structure is that of a mammal, so not only do we integrate the benefits quicker it is also more efficient.

What is the stability of your product?

Compared to other sources of Omega-3 stored under the same optimal conditions, Omega-3 seal oil are relatively more stable and less prone to lipid peroxidation than fish oils, providing a superior stability, better performance and a much longer life.

(See Oxidative Stability Results of SeaDNA Omega-3 Oil Analyzes)

Safety & toxicity

Is SeaDNA Omega-3 Seal Oil tested for quality?

Yes, all lots of SeaDNA oil are tested by an external laboratory for purity and levels of Omega-3 (EPA, DHA & DPA).

Are there any toxins or mercury concerns?

Absolutely not. All of our seal oil for pets is manufactured to the same world-class standards as our human line. Third-party tested to assure quality this is completely safe to give to your animal.

Is SeaDNA Omega-3 Seal Oil healthy?

SeaDNA Omega-3 Seal Oil is CFIA approved and completely free of heavy metals. It also meets all standards for toxins and other contaminants.

Where can I find out the results of your quality testing?

We have posted them on our website at www.seadna.ca/quality. They are also available upon request for our retail partners.

Are there any side effects?

At high doses, the most serious adverse effect of over-supplementing seal oil in to your pet is inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), although this is rare. Omega-3’s have anti-clotting effects beneficial for cardiovascular problems. However, over-supplementing can lead to increased and prolonged bleeding which is also rare.

“The National Research Council publication on Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats indicates a safe upper limit of the combined amounts of EPA + DHA as 2,800 mg/1,000 kcal of diet, equivalent to 370 mg per (kg body weight)0.75  for dogs. This is equivalent to 2,080 mg for a 10 kg dog. Presently, not enough published data are available to set a safe upper limit for cats.”

  • [1] Simopoulos AP. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002 Oct;56(8):365-79.
  •  [2] Bjørkkjær et al. Short-term duodenal seal oil administration normalised n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio in rectal mucosa and ameliorated bodily pain in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Lipids in Health and Disease 2006, 5:6 doi:10.1186/1476-511X-5-6
  • [i] Kaur, G., Molero, J. C., Weisinger, H. S., and Sinclair, A. J. (2013). Orally administered DPA and DHA are metabolised differently to EPA in rats. Br. J. Nutr. 109, 441–448. doi: 10.1017/s0007114512001419
  • [ii] Holub, B. J., Swidinsky, P., and Park, E. (2011). Oral docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) is differentially incorporated into phospholipid pools and differentially metabolized to eicosapentaenoic acid in tissues from young rats. Lipids 46, 399–407. doi: 10.1007/s11745-011-3535-3
  • [iii] Kaur, G., Cameron-Smith, D., Garg, M., and Sinclair, A. J. (2011). Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3): a review of its biological effects. Prog. Lipid Res. 50, 28–34. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.07.004
  • [iv] Ghasemi Fard, S., Linderborg, K. M., Turchini, G. M., and Sinclair, A. J. (2014). Comparison of the bioavailability of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) in the rat. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 90, 23–26. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.10.001
  • [v] Miller, E., Kaur, G., Larsen, A., Loh, S. P., Linderborg, K., Weisinger, H. S., et al. (2013). A short-term n-3 DPA supplementation study in humans. Eur. J. Nutr. 52, 895–904. doi: 10.1007/s00394-012-0396-3
  • [vi] Linderborg, K. M., Kaur, G., Miller, E., Meikle, P. J., Larsen, A. E., Weir, J. M., et al. (2013). Postprandial metabolism of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids88, 313–319. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.01.010

  • [vii] Simon C. Dyall. Frontier in Aging Neuroscience. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. April 2015. <http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052>
  • [viii] Aursnes, M., Tungen, J. E., Vik, A., Colas, R., Cheng, C. Y., Dalli, J., et al. (2014). Total synthesis of the lipid mediator PD1n-3 DPA: configurational assignments and anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions. J. Nat. Prod. 77, 910–916. doi: 10.1021/np4009865
  • [ix] Tungen, J. E., Aursnes, M., Dalli, J., Arnardottir, H., Serhan, C. N., and Hansen, T. V. (2014). Total synthesis of the anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediator MaR1n-3 DPA utilizing an sp(3) -sp(3) Negishi cross-coupling reaction. Chemistry 20, 14575–14578. doi: 10.1002/chem.201404721
  • [x] Skulas-Ray AC, Flock M.R., Fleming J.A., Kris-Etherton PM. Published online. Red Blood Cell Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA n-3) is Inversely Associated with Triglycerides and C-reactive Protein (CRP) in Healthy Adults and Dose-Dependently Increases Following n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation. (2015).
  • [xi] Caroline Morin, Pierre U Blier, and Samuel Fortin. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid monoglycerides are more potent than docosahexaenoic acid monoglyceride to resolve inflammation in a rheumatoid arthritis model. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015; 17: 142.
  • [xii] Toshie Kanayasu-Toyoda, Ikuo Morita, Sei-itsu Murota. Docosapentaenoic  acid  (22:5,  n-3), an  elongation  metabolite  of eicosapentaenoic  acid  (20:5,  n-3) is a potent stimulator of endothelial cell migration  on  pretreatment  in  vitro, (1996).
  • [xiii] Neil J. Mann, Stella L. O’Connell, Kylie M. Baldwin, Indu Singh, Barbara J. Meyer. Effects of Seal Oil and Tuna-Fish Oil on Platelet Parameters and Plasma Lipid Levels in Healthy Subjects. Epub (2010). <http://www.sealsandsealing.net/resources/Mann_et_al_2010.pdf>
  • [xiv] Meyer, B. J., Lane, A. E. & Mann, N. J. Comparison of seal oil to tuna oil on plasma lipid levels and blood pressure in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects. Lipids, 44 (9), 827-835 (2009).
  • [xv] Kelly, L., Grehan, B., Chiesa, A. D., O’Mara, S. M., Downer, E., Sahyoun, G., et al. (2011). The polyunsaturated fatty acids, EPA and DPA exert a protective effect in the hippocampus of the aged rat. Neurobiol. Aging 32, 2318.e1–2318.e15. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.001