Notes

Seal oil vs. Fish oil

(1) F.Shahidi, et al. Seal blubber oil: a novel source of w3 fatty acids, 1996

(2) Dyerberg J, et al. Bioavailability of marine n-3 fatty acid formulations. 2010

(3) Wang J, et al. Effect of chemical randomization on positional distribution and stability of omega-3 oil triacylglycerols. 2010

(4) Mason RP, Sherratt SC.Omega-3 fatty acid fish oil dietary supplements contain saturated fats and oxidized lipids that may interfere with their intended biological benefits. 2017

(5) Mann NJ, et al. Effects of seal oil and tuna-fish oil on platelet parameters and plasma lipid levels in healthy subjects. 2010

Pregnancy

INCREASE DHA LEVELS

Juber BA, Jackson KH, Johnson KB, Harris WS, Baack ML., Breast milk DHA levels may increase after informing women: a community-based cohort study from South Dakota USA. Int Breastfeed J. 2017
Jan 28;12:7. doi: 10.1186/s13006-016-0099-0. eCollection 2016.
Maria Makrides1, trial, published by EDP Sciences 2015DOI: 10.1051/ocl/2015045Understanding the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)supplementation during pregnancy on multiple outcomes
from the DOMInO

POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION

Gould JF, Best K, Makrides M.,Perinatal nutrition interventions and post-partum depressive symptoms., J Affect Disord. 2016 Dec 18. pii: S0165-0327(16)31113-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.014.
Borja-Hart NL1, Marino J. Role of omega-3 Fatty acids for prevention or treatment of perinatal depression. Pharmacotherapy. 2010 Feb;30(2):210-6. doi: 10.1592/phco.30.2.210.

IMMUNE SYSTEM AID

Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A, Beilin LJ, Taylor AL, Holt PG, Prescott SL. 2003. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in
infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 112(6):1178-1184.
Dunstan JA, Roper J, Mitoulas L, Hartmann PE, Simmer K, Prescott SL. 2004. The effect of supplementation with fish oil during pregnancy on breast milk immunoglobulin A, soluble CD14, cytokine levels, and fatty acid composition. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 34(8):1237-1242.
Hans Bisgaard et al. Fish Oil–Derived Fatty Acids in Pregnancy and Wheeze and Asthma in Offspring. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:2530-2539 December 29, 2016 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1503734

DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETUS

Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, Castellanos FX, Liu H, Zijdenbos A, Paus T, Evans AC, Rapoport JL. 1999. Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nature
Neuroscience 2(10):861-863.
Haag M. 2003. Essential fatty acids and the brain. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 48(3):195-203.
Hanebutt F, Demmelmair H, Schiessl B, et al. Long-chain poluunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) transfer across the placenta. Clin Nutr 2008 Oct; 27 (5): 685-93.
Helland IC, Smith L, Saarem K, et al. Maternal supplementation with very long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children’s IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics 2003;111:39-44.

50 YEARS AND OLDER

1/ Kaur G, et al. Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3): a review of its biological effects, 2011.
2/ Kelly, et al. The polyunsaturated fatty acids, EPA and DPA exert a protective effect in the hippocampus of the aged rat. PubMed, 2011.
3/ Toshie Kanayasu-Toyoda, et al. Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5, n-3), an elongation metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3), is a potent stimulator of endothelial cell migration on pretreatment in vitro, 1996.
4/ Neil J. Mann, et al. Effects of seal oil and tuna-fish oil on platelet parameters and plasma lipid levels in healthy subjects, epub, 2010.
5/ Evan J.H. Lewis, Bruce A. Perkins, Leif E. Lovblom, Richard P. Bazinet, Thomas M.S. Wolever, Vera Bril. Effect of omega-3 supplementation on neuropathy in type 1 diabetes. Neurology, 2017; 88 (24): 2294 DOI:

Family

CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

Urabe , Y. et al., Dept. of Cardiovascular Medicine , Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima. Japan, Association Between Serum Levels of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Coronary Plaque Detected by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography in Patients Receiving Statin Therapy, Circulation
Journal (Japanese Circulation Society), in press , 2013
MCBURNEY, MICHEAL, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, EPA, DHA, and Heart Health,Omega-3 Fatty Acids, EPA, DHA, and Heart Health – 03 – 2013 – TalkingNutrition – DSM
Harris WS. 2007. International recommendations for consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. The Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 8(1):S50-S52.
Svensson M, Schmidt EB, Jørgensen KA, Christensen JH. 2006. N-3 fatty acids as secondary prevention against cardiovascular events in patients who undergo chronic hemodialysis: a randomized, placebo-controlled intervention trial. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1(4):780-786.
Whelton SP, He J, Whelton PK, Muntner P. 2004. Meta-analysis of observational studies of fish intake and coronary heart disease. The American Journal of Cardiology 93(9):1119-1123.

JOINT HEALTH

Artemis P. Simopoulos, MD, FACN. Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases.
Maroon JC, Bost JW. Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) as an anti-inflammatory: an alternative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for discogenic pain, 2006.
Nakamura K, et al. Influence of preoperative administration of omega-3 fatty acid-enriched supplement on inflammatory and immune responses in patients undergoing major surgery for cancer, 2005.

COGNITIVE HEALTH

Fontani G, et al. Cognitive and physiological effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in healthy subjects, 2005
Kuan-Pin Su, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in prevention of mood and anxiety disorders, 2015. (SANTÉ MENTALE)

MENTAL HEALTH

Kuan-Pin Su, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in prevention of mood and anxiety disorders, 2015. (SANTÉ MENTALE)

Active lifestyle

Evan J. H. Lewis, Peter W. Radonic, Thomas M. S. Wolever ,Greg D. Wells, 21 days of mammalian omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves aspects of neuromuscular function and performance in male athletes compared to olive oil placebo, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition201512:28
Huffman et al. “Effect of n-3 fatty acids on free tryptophan and exercise fatigue.” Eur J Appl Physiol 92:584-591 (2004).
Zebrowska et al. “Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake in endurance-trained athletes.” Eur J Sport Sci 15: 305-314 (2015).
ALEXANDER LEAF D, C RANAN RAUCH. Hypothesis: Omega-3 fatty acids and blood rheology: Implications for human aerobic performance. Ann Sports Med, 4(1): 32-36, 1988.
LEGER C, C-Y GUEZENNEC, N KADRI HASSINI, P SATABIN. Les acides gras phospho-lipidiques membranaires au cours de l’effort physique de longue durée avec ou sans apport nutritionnel d’huile de poissons. Cah Nutr Diét, XXVII(2): 82-89, 1992

Omega-3 and DPA

DPA ADVANTAGES

10 X MORE EFFICIENT:

Neil J. Mann, Stella L. O’Connell, Kylie M. Baldwin, Indu Singh, Barbara J. Meyer. Effects of Seal Oil and Tuna-Fish Oil on Platelet Parameters and Plasma Lipid Levels in Healthy Subjects. Epub (2010). <http://www.sealsandsealing.net/resources/Mann_et_al_2010.pdf>
Toshie Kanayasu-Toyoda, Ikuo Morita, Sei-itsu Murota. Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5, n -3), an elongation metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3) is a potente stimulator of endothelial cell migration on pretreatment in vitro. 54(5):319-25 (1996).

OPTIMIZES OMEGA-3 INTAKE:

Neil J. Mann, Stella L. O’Connell, Kylie M. Baldwin, Indu Singh, Barbara J. Meyer. Effects of Seal Oil and Tuna-Fish Oil on Platelet Parameters and Plasma Lipid Levels in Healthy Subjects. Epub (2010). <http://www.sealsandsealing.net/resources/Mann_et_al_2010.pdf>

BOOSTS ALL KEY OMEGA-3:

Miller E. et al, A short-term n-3 DPA supplementation study in humans. Eur J Nutr, 2013.

IMPROVES CARDIOVASCULAR PROTECTION:

Kaur G, et al. Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3): a review of its biological effects, 2011.

OTHER OMEGA-3 BENEFITS:

Cardiovascular:

Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ: Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: new recommendations from the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23: 151– 152.
Flock M, Kris-Etherton P. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010: implications for cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011 Dec; 13(6): 499-507.
Laidlaw M, et al. A randomized clinical trial to determine the efficacy of manufacturers’ recommended doses of omega-3 fatty acids from different sources in facilitating cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Lipids Health Dis 2014 Jun 21; 13:99.
EFSA 212 : European Food Safety Authority. Scientific Opinion: Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). EFSA Journal 2012;10(7):2815. [Internet]. [Consulté le 8 juillet 2013]. Disponible à : http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/2815.pdf
Oh R. 2005. Practical applications of fish oil (Ω-3 fatty acids) in primary care. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practitioners 18(1):28-36.
Balk E, Chung M, Lichtenstein A, Chew P, Kupelnick B, Lawrence A, DeVine D, Lau J. 2004. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors and intermediate markers of cardiovascular disease. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 93. AHRQ Publication No. 04-E010-1. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Appel LJ, Miller ER III, Seidler AJ, Whelton PK. Does supplementation of diet with ’fish oil’ reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1429 –1438.
Maes M, Christophe A, Delanghe J, Altamura C, Neels H, Melt-zer HY: Lowered omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters of depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 1999; 85:275–291

Rheumatoid Arthritis:

Olendzki B, Leung K, Van Buskirk S, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with marine and botanical oils: influence on serum lipids. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 201; 2011: 827286.
Volker D, Fitzgerald P, Major G, Garg M. 2000. Efficacy of fish oil concentrate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology 27(10):2343-2346.

Brain:

Gadoth, N. On fish oil and omega-3 supplementation in children: The role of such supplementation on attention and cognitive dysfunction. 2008. Brain Dev. 30: 309-312.
Fontani G, Corradeschi F, Felici A, Alfatti F, Migliorini S, Lodi L. 2005a. Cognitive and physiological effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in healthy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 35(11):691-699.
Van de Rest O, Geleijnse JM, Kok JF, van Staveren WA, Dullemeijer C, OldeRikkert MGM, Beekman ATF, de Groot CPGM. 2008. Effect of fish oil on cognitive performance in older subjects: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology 71(6):430-438.
Soderberg M, Edlund C, Kristensson K, Dallner G (1991) Fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids in aging and in Alzheimer’s disease. Lipids 26:421– 425
Yurko-Mauro K. Cognitive and Cardiovascular Benefits of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Aging and Cognitive Decline. Curr Alzheimer Res 2010 May 1;7(3):190-6.
Wang W, Shinto L, Connor WE, Quinn JF. 2008. Nutritional biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease: the association between carotenoids, n-3 fatty acids, and dementia severity. Journal of Alzheimers Disease 13(1):31-38.
Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Bennett DA, Wilson RS, Aggarwal N, Schneider J. 2003. Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acid and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology 60(7):940-946.
Robert K. McNamaraa, Susan E. Carlsonb. Role of omega-3 fatty acids in brain development and function: Potential implications for the pathogenesis and prevention of psychopathology. Science Direct 8:07f / W (Jul. 2004) < http://www.tritolonen.fi/files/pdf/McNamara_Carlson.pdf>
Greg M. Cole * and Sally A. Frautschy. DHA May Prevent Age-Related Dementia. The American Institute of Nutrition (2010) <http://jn.nutrition.org/content/140/4/869>

Inflammation / joints:

Simopoulos, A. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases. The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, Washington, D.C (2002)
Walton, A. J. E., Snaith, M. L., Locniskar, M., Cumberland, A. G., Morrow, W. J. W. & Isenberg, D. A. (1991) Dietary fish oil and the severity of symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 50: 463–466
Calder P. N-/ Plyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am/ Clin Nutr 2006; 83:S1505-1519
Maroon J, Bost J. Omega-3 Fatty Acids (fish oil) as an inflammatory: an alternative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for discogenic pain. Surg Neurol 2006; 65: 326-331.
Barham JB, Edens MB, Fonteh AN, et al. Addition of eicosapentaenoic acid to gamma-linolenic acid supplemented diets prevents serum arachidonic acid accumulation in humans. J Nutr 2000; 130:1925-1931.
Seddon, J. et al. Dietary fat and risk for advanced age-related macular degeneration. 2001. Arch. Ophthalmol. 109:1191-1199.
Kremer, J.M. 2000. n23 Fatty acid supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(suppl):349S–51S.

Pregnancy / Infant Development:

Mills MD. 1999. The eye in childhood. American Family Physician 60:907-918
European Food Safety Authority. 2008. Scientific substantiation of a health claim related to Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Arachidonic Acid (ARA) and support of the neural development of the brain and eyes pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. The EFSA Journal 794:1-11.
Hodge W, Barnes D, Schachter HM, Pan Y, Lowcock EC, Zhang L, Sampson M, Morrison A, Tran K, Miguelez M, Lewin G. 2005. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Eye Health. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 117. AHRQ No. 05-E008-2. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Hanebutt F, Demmelmair H, Schiessl B, et al. Long-chain poluunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) transfer across the placenta. Clin Nutr 2008 Oct; 27 (5): 685-93.
Helland IC, Smith L, Saarem K, et al. Maternal supplementation with very long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children’s IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics 2003; 111:39-44.
Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A, Beilin LJ, Taylor AL, Holt PG, Prescott SL. 2003. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 112(6):1178-1184.
Da Rocha C, Kac G. High dietary ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated acids during pregnancy and prevalence of post-partum depression. Matern Child Nutr 2012 Jan;8(1):36-48.
Uauy, R., Hoffmann, D. R., Peirano, P., Birch, D. G. & Birch, E. E. Essential fatty acids in visual and brain development (2001) Lipids 36, 885–895.
Marszalek JR, Lodish HF. 2005. Docosahexaenoic acid, fatty acid-interacting protein, and neuronal function: breastmilk and fish are good for you. Annual Review of Cellular and Developmental Biology 21:633-657
Mills MD. 1999. The eye in childhood. American Family Physician 60:907-918
Gow R, Matsudaira T, Taylor E, et al. Total red blood cell concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids are associated with emotion-elicited neural activity in adolescent boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009 Feb-Mar;80(2-3):151-6.
Hanebutt F, Demmelmair H, Schiessl B, et al. Long-chain poluunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) transfer across the placenta. Clin Nutr 2008 Oct; 27 (5): 685-93.
Helland IC, Smith L, Saarem K, et al. Maternal supplementation with very long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children’s IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics 2003; 111:39-44.
Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A, Beilin LJ, Taylor AL, Holt PG, Prescott SL. 2003. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 112(6):1178-1184.

Cancer:

Mickeborough, T, Lindley M, Montgomery G. Effect of fish oil-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and immune function in athletes. Phys Sportmed 2008 Dec; 36 (1): 11-7.
Rose DP, Connolly JM: Omega-3 fatty acids as cancer chemo-preventive agents. Pharmacol Ther 83: 217–244, 1999
Nakamura K, Kariyazono H, Komokata T, Hamada N, Sakata R, Yamada K. 2005. Influence of preoperative administration of ω-3 fatty acid-enriched supplement on inflammatory and immune responses in patients undergoing major surgery for cancer. Nutrition 21(6):639-645
ANTI M, ARMELAO F, MARRA G, PERCESEPE A, BARTOLI GM, PALOZZA P, PARRELLA P, CANETTA C, GENTILONI N, DE VITIS I: Effects of different doses of fish oil on rectal cell proliferation in patients with sporadic colonic adenomas. Gastroenterology 107: 1709-1718, 1994
Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, et al. Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1557-1560.

Others:

Hartweg J, Perera R, Montori V, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23; (1):CD003205.
Kremer, J.M. 2000. n23 Fatty acid supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(suppl):349S–51S.
Buydens-Branchey L, Branchey M, Hibbeln J. Associations between increases in plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids following supplementation and decreases in anger and anxiety in substance abusers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Feb 15;32(2):568-75. Epub 2007 Nov 1.
Patrick L, Salik R. The effect of essential fatty acid supplementation on language development and learning skills in autism and Aspergers syndrome. Autism-Aspergers Digest 2005;Jan-Feb:36-37.
Soyland E, Funk J, Rajka G, et al. Dietary supplement of n-3 fatty acids to patients with atopic dermatitis. A multi-center stury. Br J Dermatol 1994; 130:757-764.
McCusker M, Grant-Kels J. Healing fats of the skin: the structural and immunologic roles of the Omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Clin Dermatol 2010 Jul-Aug; 28(4):440-51.
Miller, E., Kaur, G., Larsen, A., Loh, S. P., Linderborg, K., Weisinger, H. S., et al. (2013). A short-term n-3 DPA supplementation study in humans. Eur. J. Nutr. 52, 895–904. doi: 10.1007/s00394-012-0396-3

Health professionnals

OPTIMIZES THE CONTRIBUTION IN OMEGA-3 :

Neil J. Mann, et al. Effects of seal oil and tuna-fish oil on platelet parameters and plasma lipid levels in healthy subjects, epub, 2010

PROVIDES BETTER CARDIOVASCULAR PROTECTION :

Kaur G, et al. Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3): a review of its biological effects, 2011.

INCREASES ALL OMEGA-3 LEVELS :

Miller E. et al, A short-term n-3 DPA supplementation study in humans. Eur J Nutr, 2013.

AMPLIFIES EPIA EFFICIENCY 10x :

Toshie Kanayasu-Toyoda, et al. Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5, n-3), an elongation metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3), is a potent stimulator of endothelial cell migration on pretreatment in vitro, 1996.
Neil J. Mann, et al. Effects of seal oil and tuna-fish oil on platelet parameters and plasma lipid levels in healthy subjects, epub, 2010.

THE WHOLE FAMILY

L’Agence de la santé publique du Canada (ASPC) et du Statistique Canada, Portrait de la pratique exemplaire dans la maladie coronarienne, 2010.
Pratibha Dubey, Anura P. Jayasooriya* and Sukhinder K. Cheema,Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada *Current Address: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka. Diets Enriched in Fish-Oil or Seal-Oil have Distinct Effects on Lipid Levels and Peroxidation in BioF1B Hamsters, Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 2011:4
Toshie Kanayasu-Toyoda, Ikuo Morita, Sei-itsu Murota,Department Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5, n-3),an elongation metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3), is a potent stimulator or endothelial cell migration on pretreatment in vitro, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (1996) 54(5), 319-325
Ann C. Skulas-Ray,*, Michael R. Flock, Chesney K. Richter, William S. Harris, Sheila G. West 1,3 and Penny M. Kris-Etherton., Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park Red Blood Cell Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA n-3) is Inversely Associated with Triglycerides and C-reactive Protein (CRP) in Healthy Adults and Dose-Dependently Increases Following n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, Nutrients 2015, 7, 6390-6404; doi:10.3390/nu7085291
Gow R, Matsudaira T, Taylor E, et al. Total red blood cell concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids are associated with emotion-elicited neural activity in adolescent boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009 Feb-Mar;80(2-3):151-6.
Maes M, Christophe A, Delanghe J, Altamura C, Neels H, Melt-zer HY: Lowered omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters of depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 1999; 85:275–291
Buydens-Branchey L, Branchey M, Hibbeln J. Associations between increases in plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids following supplementation and decreases in anger and anxiety in substance abusers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Feb 15;32(2):568-75. Epub 2007 Nov 1.

ACTIVE LIFESTYLE

Evan J. H. Lewis, Peter W. Radonic, Thomas M. S. Wolever ,Greg D. Wells, 21 days of mammalian omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves aspects of neuromuscular function and performance in male athletes compared to olive oil placebo, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition201512:28
Huffman et al. “Effect of n-3 fatty acids on free tryptophan and exercise fatigue.” Eur J Appl Physiol 92:584-591 (2004).
Zebrowska et al. “Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake in endurance-trained athletes.” Eur J Sport Sci 15: 305-314 (2015).
ALEXANDER LEAF D, C RANAN RAUCH. Hypothesis: Omega-3 fatty acids and blood rheology: Implications for human aerobic performance. Ann Sports Med, 4(1): 32-36, 1988.
LEGER C, C-Y GUEZENNEC, N KADRI HASSINI, P SATABIN. Les acides gras phospho-lipidiques membranaires au cours de l’effort physique de longue durée avec ou sans apport nutritionnel d’huile de poissons. Cah Nutr Diét, XXVII(2): 82-89, 1992

HEART HEALTH

Urabe , Y. et al., Dept. of Cardiovascular Medicine , Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima. Japan, Association Between Serum Levels of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Coronary Plaque Detected by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography in Patients Receiving Statin Therapy, Circulation Journal (Japanese Circulation Society), in press , 2013
Pratibha Dubey, Anura P. Jayasooriya* and Sukhinder K. Cheema,Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada *Current Address: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka. Diets Enriched in Fish-Oil or Seal-Oil have Distinct Effects on Lipid Levels and Peroxidation in BioF1B Hamsters, Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 2011:4
Toshie Kanayasu-Toyoda, Ikuo Morita, Sei-itsu Murota,Department Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5, n-3), an elongation metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3), is a potent stimulator or endothelial cell migration on pretreatment in vitro, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (1996) 54(5), 319-325
Ann C. Skulas-Ray,*, Michael R. Flock, Chesney K. Richter, William S. Harris, Sheila G. West 1,3 and Penny M. Kris-Etherton., Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park Red Blood Cell Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA n-3) is Inversely Associated with Triglycerides and C-reactive Protein (CRP) in Healthy Adults and Dose-Dependently Increases Following n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, Nutrients 2015, 7, 6390-6404; doi:10.3390/nu7085291
J Neubronner, JP Schuchardt, G Kressel, M Merkel, C von Schacky and A Hahn,Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz Universita, Enhanced increase of omega-3 index in response to long-term n-3 fatty acid supplementation fromtriacylglycerides versus ethyl esters, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2011) 65, 247–254
MCBURNEY, MICHEAL, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, EPA, DHA, and Heart Health,Omega-3 Fatty Acids, EPA, DHA, and Heart Health – 03 – 2013 – TalkingNutrition – DSM